Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of. The etiology of pneumonia in the community epic study conducted by cdc and three u. Initial diagnosis is usually based on chest xray and clinical findings. Communityacquired pneumonia causes great mortality and morbidity and high costs worldwide. Waning cellular, humoral, and innate immune functioning may impair viral clearance, which allows spread of the virus to the lower respiratory tract resulting in increased inflammation. The pathophysiology of pneumococcal pneumonia is informative in both treatment strategy and in vaccine design. Asthma involves many patho physiologic factors, including bronchiolar. Apr 29, 2019 bronchopneumonia pathophysiology pdf clin chest med. Getting the flu vaccine every year helps prevent pneumonia that is caused by the influenza virus or that occurs as a complication of having the flu. Pneumonia has been defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma. Pneumonia can be in one area of a lung or be in several areas double or multilobar pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main pathogen that causes communityacquired pneumonia worldwide, independent of age. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the explosive pulmonary and systemic inflammatory consequence of a disrupted hostpathogen relationship normally compartmentalised and optimally balanced as nasopharyngeal. Pneumonia numonea is inflammation of the air sacs in the lungs in response to an injury, like an infection.
The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumonia in children and pneumonia in neonates pneumonia in children. Jul 15, 2018 30 oct 2017 pathophysiology ivan damjanov download pdf pages. Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory tract infection arti that affects the. Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy. In the past, pneumonia was typically classified as communityacquired cap, hospitalacquired hap, or. Pathophysiology of pneumonia in ed rello j, nosocomial pneumonia. We have withdrawn this guideline during the covid19 pandemic. Guidance we have withdrawn this guideline during the covid19 pandemic. You may complete the case study below and the quiz on carmen by yourself or with your peers. Causes, symptoms, treatment, preventive measures, and prognosis differ depending on whether the infection is bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in one or both of the lungs and may be caused by a virus, bacteria, fungi or other germs. Global mortality for all causes of death and pneumonia among. Depending on the cause, doctors often treat pneumonia with medicine.
Application of molecular diagnostic techniques has the potential to lead. Pathophysiology of community acquired pneumonia japi. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia. However, prolonged or highgrade fever should prompt consideration of pneumonia or influenza.
Revised who classification and treatment of childhood. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of asthma airflow limitation in asthma is recurrent and caused by a variety of changes in the airway. Pneumonia pneumonia is an infection that makes the tiny air sacs in your lungs inflamed swollen and sore. In asthma, the dominant physiological event leading to clinical symptoms is airway narrowing and a subsequent interference with airflow. Many organisms, including viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia, but the most common causes are bacteria, in particular species of streptococcus and mycoplasma. The most common pathway for the microbial agent to reach the alveoli is by microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions. To reduce the misuse of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, and sideeffects, an empirical, effective, and individualised antibiotic treatment is needed. Pneumonia harrisons principles of internal medicine, 19e.
Pneumonia is usually caused due to an infection with a bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite. The varied presentation and limited diagnostic methods available present unique challenges for accurately identifying m. Pathology of pneumonia and the course of pathological changes. The pneumonia severity index should be used to assist in. Pneumonia mycoplasma pneumoniae diseasepathogenesis for. When the airways are also involved, it may be called bronchopneumonia. In addition, knowledge of the varying diagnostic and treatment regimens may lead to improvements. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty breathing. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of the pneumonia syndrome according to the local or the systemic.
Know pneumonia and how to protect yourself by reading on. Viral respiratory infections are one of the most important causes of asthma exacerbation and may also contribute to the development of asthma. Despite being the cause of significant morbidity and mortality, pneumonia is often misdiagnosed, mistreated, and underestimated. Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary parenchyma. According to the infectious disease society of america idsa, pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the usa, with greater than 14% mortality among hospitalized patients.
Elderly persons are at increased risk of infection and complications in viral pneumonia because of comorbidities. Signs and symptoms may include flulike symptoms such as cough, fever, malaise, fatigue and weight loss. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology with free interactive flashcards. The impact of pneumonia on health care is significant in terms of morbidity, cost, and likely patient mortality.
Symptoms of pneumonia, like chest pain, cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing, can require hospitalisation. The most consistent presenting symptom of bacterial pneumonia is cough productive of sputum. In addition, vaccines can prevent some types of pneumonia. Pneumococcal vaccine helps protect you from a common cause of severe pneumonia. In adults it is mostly caused by bacteria whereas in children and infants it is commonly due to viruses. Use our covid19 rapid guidelines on managing suspected or confirmed pneumonia in adults in the community and antibiotics for pneumonia in adults in hospital. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus purulent material, causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. People with mild not so bad pneumonia can usually be treated at home. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia cop is a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by lung inflammation and scarring that obstructs the small airways and air sacs of the lungs alveoli. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes. Atif ali bashir assistant professor of pathology college of medicine majmaah university introduction. Empirical selection of antibiotic treatment is the cornerstone of management of patients with pneumonia. Pneumonia harrisons principles of internal medicine.
Nursing 704c pathophysiology of altered health states ii. Oct 25, 2019 bacterial pneumonia see the image below is caused by a pathogenic infection of the lungs and may present as a primary disease process or as the final, fatal disorder primarily in an individual who is already debilitated. Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum, is the most consistent. Your doctor may conduct a physical exam and use chest xray, chest ct, chest ultrasound, or needle biopsy of the lung to help diagnose. Overview of pneumonia merck manuals professional edition. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia. Pneumonia has been studied intensively as to its etiology, pathogenesis. The alveolar macrophage acting as a lastdefense mechanism against bacteria that reach the alveolar space. The development of pneumonia requires that a pathogen reach the alveoli and that the host defenses are overwhelmed by. Understanding asthma pathophysiology, diagnosis, and. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. Mortality attributed to pneumonia has decreased since 2000, but remains a major public health concern 3,4.
It may be minor, subsiding quickly, or develop into advanced pneumonia. Nor mally, pneumonia is categorized as vap if it occurs after 48 hours of mechanical ven tilation, but within 72 hours of the start of ventilation. Choose from 98 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology flashcards on quizlet. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients. Radiographic images in a patient with right upper lobe pneumonia. Pathophysiology understanding asthma pathophysiology helps you understand how the condition is diagnosed and treated. When pneumonia does occur, it usually is the result of an exceedingly virulent microbe, a large dose of bacteria, andor impaired host defense ds3 case study bacterial pneumonia disease summary table. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Community acquired pneumonia infectious disease and.
Bartlett jg, campbell gd, dean nc, dowell sf, file tm, musher dm. However, it is still the leading infectious cause of death in children younger than 5 years old worldwide. Some germs that cause pneumonia are not spread from person to person for example, a person who loses control of breathing e. Apr 02, 2020 pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Section 2, definition, pathophysiology and pathogenesis of asthma, and natural history of asthma 12 august 28, 2007. Although viral pneumonia does occur, viruses more commonly play a part in weakening. You can also help prevent pneumonia and other respiratory infections by following good hygiene practices. Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and, less commonly, fungi. In the past, pneumonia was typically classified as communityacquired cap, hospitalacquired hap, or ventilatorassociated vap. Some causes of pneumonia can come from the environment and can be spread in dust or other fine particles e. Communityacquired pneumonia cap is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Etiology and factors associated with pneumonia in children. Cop often affects adults in midlife 40 to 60 years of age. The term atypical pneumonia was first used more than 50 years ago to describe cases of pneumonia caused by an unknown agents and that appeared clinically different from pneumococcal pneumonia. People with severe serious pneumonia may need to have treatment in hospital.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Swine pneumonia bruce lawhorn p neumonia is an important disease of the lower respiratory tract that impairs animal health and lowers individual and herd performance in swine. If pneumonia occurs before 48 hours or after 72 hours, the cause is presumed to be unrelated to mechanical ventilation. Pathophysiology of pneumonia free download as word doc. However, clinicians are not always able to find out which germ caused someone to get sick with pneumonia. These practices include washing your hands regularly and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces. Jul 20, 2019 bronchopneumonia pathophysiology pdf clin chest med. When you breathe in, oxygenrich air travels into the body through the airways trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles in your lungs. The main known causative pathogens reported are streptococcus pneumoniae.
Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can all cause pneumonia. Scientific basis of who recommendations for treatment of pneumonia 6 1. Although the original distinction between atypical and typical pneumonia arose from the perception that the clinical presentation. A common cause of bacterial pneumonia is streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus. Communityacquired pneumonia cap remains the main cause of death from infectious disease globally and is associated with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly. Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can cause mild to severe illness in people of all ages. Our knowledge of asthma pathogenesis has changed dramatically in the last 25 years, as re searchers have found various asth ma phenotypes. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia despite improvements in the clinical management of patients with communityacquired pneumonia cap over the last decade, the incidence of the condition remains high, especially in europe. The most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in the united states is a type of bacteria called streptococcus pneumoniae also called pneumococcus. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli in the lungs are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake. Pneumonia indicates an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent. Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory tract infection arti that affects the lungs. The clinical presentation of cap varies, ranging from mild pneumonia characterized by fever and productive cough to severe pneumonia characterized by respiratory distress and sepsis.
The viscoelastic properties of the lungs in acute pneumonia. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Pertussis, measles, varicella chickenpox, and hib vaccines help prevent less common causes of pneumonia. Because of the wide spectrum of associated clinical features, cap is a. Pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Physical or chemical injury to the lungs can also result in the condition. Diagnosis and management of acute bronchitis american. Many viral causes of pneumonia lack effective drug treatments. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.
Pneumonia community acquired pneumonia nosocomial pneumonia hospital. Whether they are the primary cause or contribute to the pathogenesis by. Recruitment of phagocytic cells to the alveolar space mediated by the local production of cytokines. In the united states, common causes of viral pneumonia are influenza and respiratory syncytial virus rsv. Pdf pneumococcal pneumonia is the explosive pulmonary and systemic inflammatory consequence of a disrupted hostpathogen. Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Most community acquired pneumonia cap are bacterial in origin and often follow brief viral upper respiratory tract infection. Pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be. Get my notes in pdf files that are downloadable at s. Viral etiology cold, dry weather and crowding favors spread virus replicates exponentially wi respiratory tract.
Pneumonia is the leading cause of child mortality from infectious diseases, accounting for an estimated 1 million deaths annually, and mainly affecting children in developing countries 1,2. Epic home study of etiology of pneumonia in community cdc. Pneumonia symptoms, pathophysiology, nursing respiratory disorders nclex lecture part 1 duration. However, even with extensive microbiological investigation, no causative organism is identified in up to 50% of patients with pneumonia. Note the increased anteroposterior chest diameter, which is suggestive of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd. Communityacquired pneumonia is a commonly diagnosed illness in which no causative organism is identified in half the cases. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.
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